Transport processes play a vital role in the physiology of apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh) fruit. The 3D visualizations of the transport structures may be useful for numerical modeling of organ growth and transport processes in fruit. A high degree of branching in both the void network and vascular system and a complex three-dimensional pattern was observed across the whole fruit. Vascular networks increased in length from a total of 5 m at 9 weeks after full bloom, to more than 20 m corresponding to 5 cm of vascular tissue per cubic centimeter of apple tissue. An automated segmentation protocol underestimated the total vasculature length by 9–12% in comparison to manually processed images. Both the void network in the core and in the cortex changed significantly in terms of void morphology. The voids in the core were more narrow and fragmented than the voids in the cortex. In the core tissue, the porosity was consistently lower, and seemed to decrease toward the end of the maturation period. The size of the void space and porosity in the cortex tissue increased considerably. Here we used X-ray micro-tomography at various spatial resolutions to investigate the growth of these transport structures in 3D during fruit development of “Jonagold” apple. The void network and vascular system are important pathways for the transport of gases, water and solutes in apple fruit ( Malus × domestica Borkh).
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